Where Were Japanese Pilots Trained in the 1990s? Two Training Bases in California — 1990年代、日本のエアライン・パイロットはどこで育っていたのか?カリフォルニアにあった二つの訓練基地 —

Japan Airlines training aircraft parked at Napa County Airport in 1991, in front of the former JAL pilot training facility in California
Napa County Airport, CA, USA — Feb 1991

FLIGHT LOG 1990–1992


カリフォルニアの空にあった「二つの日本の空」

1990年代、日本のエアライン・パイロットはカリフォルニアで育っていました。NapaとBakersfieldに存在した二つの訓練基地を間近で見た体験をもとに、その風景と消えた理由、そして現代の分散型訓練への変化を描きます。


プロローグ

1990年代。
日本のエアライン・パイロットは、日本では育っていなかった。
少なくとも、空の上では‥‥‥

カリフォルニアの青空の下、JAL(日本航空)とANA(全日本空輸)は、それぞれ「巨大な自前の訓練基地」を持っていた。

北にはNapa。
南にはBakersfield。

そこには確かに、もうひとつの日本の空があった。

しかも面白いことに、そこでは日本の資格が完結する。
海を渡っているのに、日本の制度はそのまま。
国土交通省航空局(当時運輸省)航空従事者試験官まで飛んで来てくれるシステムだ。

今考えると、少し不思議な話である。
だが当時は、それが普通だった。

なにしろあの頃は、「どこで飛ばすか」が重要だった時代だからだ。


カリフォルニアにあった、もうひとつの日本

Napaは、私のホームベースだったSacramentoからそう遠くない場所にあった。
Sacramento Executive Airportから少し足を伸ばせば届く距離だ。
訓練でもよく使う空域だったので、JALの訓練機と遭遇することは珍しくなかった。

それにしても、当時の日本はバブルで景気が良かった。
双発訓練機といえば、普通はレシプロエンジンのバロン(Beechcraft Baron)あたりが定番だ。
だが、彼らはターボプロップのキングエア(Beechcraft King Air)を使っていた。

「訓練機でそれ?」と、当時の私は内心羨んだツッコミを入れていた。


ステーキサンドとパイロットの卵

Napaの空港には、ちょっとした名物があった。
レストランのステーキサンドだ。

これが妙にうまい。
いや、正確には「他にはない、やたらと印象に残る味」だった。

訓練でヘロヘロになったあと、名物のナパ・ワインと脂っこいステーキをパンに挟んだだけのようなあの一品をかじると、
「まあ、今日も生き延びたな」
という気分になる。

たぶん、味そのものよりも、その時の自分の状態がスパイスだったような気がする。


廊下に並ぶ、未来の機長たち

一度だけ、Napaの訓練施設の中を見学させてもらえる機会があった。

長い‥‥‥やたらと長い廊下。
その両側の壁に、びっしりと額装された写真。
制服姿の若いパイロットたちが、一人ひとり丁寧に飾られている。
当時は、女性パイロットがまだ誕生していなかった時代。
写真は全て男性パイロットだった。

その数、数えきれない‥‥‥
無言の廊下なのに、そこには不思議な圧があった。

「JALのパイロットたちは、ここから空に羽ばたいていった」
そんな気配が、壁からにじみ出ている。

そう思った瞬間、その場所がただの訓練施設ではなく、パイロットの製造ラインのように見えた。


南の空と“All Nippon”

一方、ANAのBakersfield。

私は直接行ったことはない。
だが、その存在は時々遭遇する訓練機と共に、しっかりと空気で感じていた。

ある日、南の方まで飛んで州境のNeedles Airportに降りた時のこと。
UNICOM(地上アドバイザリー)の無線から、年配の声が聞こえてきた。

「おい、あんた…All Nipponか?」

一瞬、何を言われているのか分からなかった。
All Nippon。つまりANAのコールサインだ。

「いや違うけど‥‥‥」と答えると、おじいさんは少し経ってからこう言ってきた。
「ここ、時々来るんだよ。あいつら」

Bakersfieldからの訓練機だ。
つまりこの空港は、彼らにとって「寄り道先」のひとつだったのだろう。

管制塔もないカリフォルニアの田舎の空港で、日本の航空会社の名前が普通に飛び交っている。
なんとも不思議な光景だった。


同じ空、違う時間

彼らと自分の違いは、はっきりしていた。

彼らは航空会社の「社員」としての訓練だった。
私はただの「Student Pilot」だった。

彼らにはタイムリミットがある。
決められた時間内に、次々とチェックにパスしなければ、道は閉ざされる。

こちらは違う。
自分のペースで、時間をかけてでも免許を取ればいい。
自動車教習所と同じ感覚だった。

同じ空を飛んでいるのに、流れている時間がまるで違う。
すれ違う一瞬だけで、彼らの緊張感を感じることができた。


そして、すべては消えた

2000年代に入ると、その風景は静かに消えて、懐かしいものとなる。
Napaも、Bakersfieldも、やがてその長い役割を終えた。

理由はいくつかある。

まず、コスト
巨大な施設を維持するより、外部に委託した方が安い。

そして、シミュレーターの進化
昔は実際に飛ばなければできなかった訓練が、地上でできるようになった。

さらに、訓練の分業化
基礎は海外、実務は国内。

全部を一箇所でやる必要がなくなった。
そして決定的なのは、考え方そのものが変わったことだ。


「一人で飛べる」から「二人で運航する」へ

当時は、こうだった。

「まず一人で飛べるようになれ」

ソロ、クロスカントリー、技量。
すべては個人の能力だった。

今は違う。

「二人で安全に運航できるか」

チーム、コミュニケーション、システム。
エアラインパイロット養成は、職人育成から、システムの養成へと変わった。


今、パイロットはどこで育つのか?

現在の流れはシンプルだ。

  • 基礎は海外(アメリカや欧州)
  • 実務は日本

JALもANAも、この分散型に移行している。

もちろん「海外で免許を取れば終わり」ではない。
むしろそこからが本番だ。


エピローグ

同じ空を目指しながら、今とはまったく違う時間を生きていた人たちがいた。

カリフォルニアの空にあった、二つの日本

その風景はもうない。
だが、パイロット養成の本質は今も変わらない。

それよりも
空に出る前の、あの妙な緊張感と高揚感。
試験前は、食事が喉を通らず胃が痛くなる。
たぶん今も世界共通だ‥‥‥

変わったのはただひとつ。

「どこで飛ぶか」ではなく、「どう育てるか」。

それだけだ。


IFTA training aircraft operated by All Nippon Airways taxiing for departure at Sacramento Executive Airport in 1992
Sacramento Executive Airport, CA, USA — Sep 1992

Two “Japans” That Once Lived in the Skies Over California

In the 1990s, Japanese pilots were trained in California. Drawing on close-up observations of the training environments at Napa and Bakersfield, this article explores their rise, disappearance, and the shift toward today’s distributed training model.


Prologue

In the 1990s, Japan’s airline pilots were not being trained in Japan—at least, not in the sky. Under the hard, cloudless blue of California, Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways each operated vast, self-contained training bases, one in Napa to the north, the other in Bakersfield to the south, and within those wide American skies there existed, quite unmistakably, another Japan. What made it stranger still was that everything was completed there: licenses, qualifications, even final checkrides, all carried out under Japanese standards as examiners from the Japan Civil Aviation Bureau flew in to certify the process. Seen from today, it feels improbable, almost improvised; yet at the time it was entirely normal, because in that era the defining question was not how you trained, but simply—where you flew.


Another Japan in California

Napa lay within easy reach of my home base near Sacramento Executive Airport, close enough that its airspace overlapped naturally with ours, and encounters with JAL training aircraft were less an event than a routine part of flying. Japan was still deep in its bubble economy, and it showed in the details: where most twin-engine training around us relied on practical piston aircraft like the Beechcraft Baron, JAL trainees flew turboprop Beechcraft King Air—aircraft that felt a step removed from “training” and closer to operational machines. I remember noticing them in the pattern, their presence somehow heavier, more deliberate, and thinking, not without a trace of envy, that this was a different world of preparation entirely.


Steak Sandwiches and Future Pilots

Airfields have their own small anchors, and in Napa it was the steak sandwich at the airport diner, a simple, almost crude thing—meat, grease, bread—but one that stayed with you. After a long day of training, when the sun had drained whatever focus you had left and the cockpit still lingered in your senses, biting into that sandwich, sometimes with a glass of Napa wine, created a quiet, unspoken checkpoint: you had made it through another day. The taste itself was secondary; what lingered was the condition you arrived in—fatigue, hunger, a muted relief—those were the real flavors, and they tied the place, the training, and the body together in a way no formal memory ever could.


A Hallway of Future Captains

I was allowed inside the training facility once, and what stayed with me was not a classroom or an aircraft, but a corridor—longer than it needed to be, lined on both sides with framed portraits. Young pilots in uniform, one by one, carefully arranged, each image almost identical in composition yet entirely different in implication; at that time, before female airline pilots had begun to appear in Japan, every face was male, and the repetition only intensified the effect. The number was overwhelming, but more striking was the silence, a kind of contained pressure that seemed to emanate from the walls themselves. It was impossible not to understand what the corridor represented: every one of them had passed through this place and gone on into the sky. In that moment, the facility shifted in meaning—it was no longer simply a school, but something closer to a production line, a place where pilots were systematically shaped, finished, and sent forward.


The Southern Sky and “All Nippon”

Further south, in Bakersfield, All Nippon Airways operated its own counterpart, a facility I never saw directly but came to recognize through its presence in the air. That recognition sharpened one day when I flew down toward the desert and landed at Needles Airport, near the Arizona border, where the UNICOM frequency carried a voice that sounded older than the equipment transmitting it. “Hey… you All Nippon?” he asked, and for a moment the phrase didn’t register until I translated it back into its operational meaning—ANA’s callsign. When I told him no, there was a pause, followed by a soft, almost amused explanation: “They come through here sometimes.” Training aircraft from Bakersfield, passing through as part of their routines, turning this quiet desert airfield into a casual waypoint. In that exchange, something subtle became clear—Japanese airline operations were not confined to their bases; they had diffused into the landscape, leaving traces in places where they did not officially exist.


Same Sky, Different Time

The contrast between those trainees and myself was unmistakable. They were employees, already inside the system, moving along a fixed path defined by deadlines and evaluations; I was simply a student pilot, progressing at my own pace, free to take time where they could not. Their training was bounded—fail to meet the required standards within the allotted time, and the path closed—while mine resembled something more open-ended, closer in spirit to a driving school than to an industrial pipeline. Yet we shared the same airspace, crossed the same patterns, responded to the same frequencies, and in those brief intersections you could sense the difference not in what we were doing, but in the time we were inhabiting; theirs compressed, urgent, directional, mine diffuse and elastic.


And Then, It Was Gone

By the early 2000s, the landscape that had made all of this possible began to dissolve, not with a single decision but through a convergence of changes that made its continuation unnecessary. Cost was the most visible factor—maintaining large, dedicated overseas facilities no longer made economic sense when specialized training providers could deliver segments of the same program more efficiently. At the same time, simulators advanced to a point where many forms of training that once required aircraft could be conducted on the ground with equal or greater precision, reducing dependence on physical airspace. Training itself fragmented into modules: basic skills acquired overseas, operational competencies developed domestically, each phase optimized for its environment. What disappeared was not simply the facilities, but the idea that everything needed to happen in one place.


From “Flying Alone” to “Operating Together”

Underlying these structural changes was a deeper shift in philosophy. In the earlier model, the objective was clear and individual: learn to fly alone, master the aircraft, prove competence through solo performance, cross-country navigation, and technical precision. In the modern model, the emphasis moved away from the individual toward the system: can the pilot operate safely within a crew, communicate effectively, integrate with procedures, and manage complexity as part of a coordinated whole? The transition marked a movement from cultivating autonomous skill to engineering reliable interaction, from training pilots as individuals to developing them as components within a larger operational framework.


Where Are Pilots Trained Today?

Today’s structure reflects that shift with almost clinical clarity. Initial training is often conducted overseas, in the United States or Europe, where environmental and logistical conditions remain favorable for basic flight instruction; advanced and operational training is then completed in Japan, within highly controlled, company-specific environments. Both Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways follow this distributed model. Crucially, obtaining a license abroad is no longer considered an endpoint but a transition—an entry into a more tightly structured phase of training in which the realities of airline operations are fully introduced.


Epilogue

There was a time when people pursued the same sky while living within entirely different temporal structures, their paths intersecting only briefly before diverging again. The two Japans that once existed over California have disappeared, their physical traces absorbed back into the landscape, yet the underlying experience remains recognizable. The tension before a checkride, the quiet elevation before takeoff, the physical unease that makes eating difficult and sharpens every sensation—these have not changed, and likely never will. What has changed is singular but decisive: not where pilots fly, but how they are made.